The decision to start a family can be one of the most life-changing, meaningful, and expensive things a person does. Having a measure of control over that process means choosing the number of children you will have and when you will have them. Family-planning services are key to achieving that goal. These include programs that prevent people from having accidental pregnancies, help to control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and affect other matters tied to fertility.
U.S. clinics that provide family-planning services for low-income people draw support from three places: Medicaid, the Title X Family Planning Program, and Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act. These programs support more than 10,000 clinics across the country, with as many as one-third of women turning to publicly funded clinics to get contraception. Although provisions vary by service and other factors, there are resources for cash-strapped people in need of family-planning assistance.
Key Takeaways
- Family-planning services allow for control over one of the most expensive aspects of life: having a family.
- Publicly funded family-planning clinics receive support through Medicaid, the Title X Family Planning Program, and Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act.
- Depending on the type of service you’re looking for—and other factors, such as where you live—philanthropic organizations, employer benefits, and scholarships may help cover the cost.
Contraception
One of the most reliable methods for preventing unplanned pregnancies—and, depending on the method used, slowing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)—is birth control. Hormonal birth control is also used for treating menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Birth-control methods can typically be accessed through organizations such as Planned Parenthood, ranging from pills to birth-control implants to intrauterine devices (IUDs) to condoms and diaphragms.
Through Medicaid, most states will cover prescription contraceptives that have approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, many states attach restrictions, such as caps on how much you can get and age limits for receiving services.
Contraception may be free if your state has a program that covers costs. In California, for instance, the Family PACT program covers a range of services, including birth control, cervical cancer screening, and testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infections.
Nevertheless, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reports that access to contraceptives is restricted by a number of factors, such as inadequate funding for Title X and limited enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) requirement that private health insurance plans cover all FDA-approved contraceptives without cost sharing.
Family-planning services most famously safeguard people from having accidental pregnancies, which are costly and life-disrupting. They also help control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and, indirectly, prevent infertility.
Abortion
For half a century, abortion has been a legal option for ending unplanned pregnancies or those that develop into situations that endanger life or health. In June 2022 the U.S. Supreme Court removed the federal protection for abortion procedures provided by Roe v. Wade with its decision in Dobbs v. Jackson, leaving abortion access subject to regulation by the states. Post-Dobbs, accessing an abortion has become more complicated and confusing. States across the U.S. have a jumble of laws affecting issues related to abortion, ranging from the legality of the procedure to what private insurers can cover.
One of the impacts of the Dobbs decision has been to make travel for abortion care more common, increasing the cost. A number of corporate employers have offered to help cover reproductive care travel costs for employees; it’s unclear how much of a net effect these corporate benefits will have nationwide.
In addition, a number of organizations now provide assistance to those attempting to get an abortion. Philanthropic organizations known as “abortion funds” provide money and support for those seeking abortions.
- The National Abortion Federation, an association of abortion providers, operates a hotline for abortion referrals and financial assistance.
- The National Network of Abortion Funds keeps a list of abortion funds arranged by state.
Legal defense funds—such as If/When/How—have also appeared to deal with arrests related to self-managed abortions.
Fertility Treatments
While many men and women could benefit from fertility treatments, plenty of people can’t afford them. In most states, insurers, whether private or public, do not cover infertility treatments. As of 2022, only 15 states—Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, and West Virginia—require insurers to cover infertility treatments. Two states, California and Texas, merely require insurers to offer such coverage.
Unfortunately, these treatments are pricey. They will run most people well over $10,000 in out-of-pocket expenses, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation.
There is some help available, mostly in the form of grants and scholarships, many of which are collected by nonprofits that focus on fertility. Some of these are:
LGBTQ+ Infertility Treatments
Infertility treatments can be helpful for would-be LGBTQ+ parents, but they may be less accessible to this community. The Biden Administration is weighing whether to update the definition of infertility in the ACA to make more insurers cover the treatments for LGBTQ+ people, according to a report by Bloomberg Law. Currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention relies on a definition that excludes LGBTQ+ couples, though it doesn’t mention them specifically: “Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant (conceive) after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex.”
Birth
Birth is expensive. On average a vaginal birth can cost $14,768 in the U.S., according to the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Peterson Center on Healthcare. For women in large employer-sponsored private health plans, this translates to about $2,655 out-of-pocket. Caesarean births are more expensive, costing $26,280 on average. That’s about $3,214 out of pocket. The costs are driven up by doctor and hospital fees for delivery and health-related costs ranging from prenatal treatment in pregnancy to postpartum care.
It may require an application through your state’s health department, but there is federally funded assistance for childbirth. In fact, there are many resources available for pregnancy.
- Low-Income Assistance – For temporary financial help for those expecting a baby, states run the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program. It’s overseen by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Family Assistance. Specific requirements vary depending on the state.
- Housing – For young and homeless parents, and those who are pregnant, there’s the Maternity Group Homes for Pregnant and Parenting Youth Program. It offers educational services, as well as healthcare, childcare support, and living arrangements. Another program, the Housing Choice Voucher Program, known widely as “Section 8,” also provides rental assistance.
- Food – The Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP), also known as “food stamps,” will give parents a debit card for buying groceries if they meet certain requirements.
- Healthcare – Access to healthcare can be found through the Health Resources and Services Administration across the country. It offers free services, including a national maternal mental health hotline.
- Childcare – There are some tax subsidies to help pay for childcare. Additionally, some employers offer subsidies for it.
Private charities also provide resources, though they tend to vary based on where you live. The Catholic Charities is one of the more famous. It offers items that support young children, such as bottles and diapers, as well as educational services. It also provides counseling for adoptions.
The Benefits Finder is a government questionnaire meant to identify the benefits you can access and point you toward the right agency to apply for those benefits.
Adoption
Another family-planning area is adoption, providing a route for those who are infertile to become parents—and for children to find families to love and raise them. The specific assistance programs will differ by state, but adoption and guardianship benefits often include cash payments, medical assistance, and coverage of nonrecurring adoption expenses, according to the Child Welfare Information Gateway, which maintains a database for looking up assistance programs.
Adoptive families may also be able to access post-adoption support. In California—to pick out one state—the Adoption Assistance Program gives out financial and medical coverage in an effort to encourage the adoption of children in foster care.
Some employers also offer adoption benefits. The most common is time off. About 28% of employers offer paid leave for adoption, according to the Society for Human Resource Management. Another potential employer-based benefit is adoption assistance, which can encompass reimbursement for adoption-related fees and attorney fees.
What Is Family Planning?
Family planning refers to the ability to control the number of children you have and when you have them.
What’s Included in Family Planning?
Family-planning services are health-related services for reproduction, including but not limited to contraception, fertility, pregnancy, birth and postpartum coverage, and cancer and STI screening.
Which Family-Planning Benefits Does Medicaid Cover?
Every state Medicaid program has to cover family-planning services under the law, but states can control the particulars regarding services and supplies. There is no standardized definition of family-planning services in Medicaid.
The Bottom Line
As of the end of 2021, about 68% of U.S. households could cover an unexpected $400 expense using cash or its equivalent, according to the latest U.S. Federal Reserve figures. That number is up from previous years, but it also means that a sizable share of Americans might not be able to afford the bill that comes with a surprise pregnancy.
Childbirth costs could be completely out of reach for those Americans, especially if they’re also uninsured or underinsured. Similarly, contraception, fertility treatments, help with adoption, and abortion can also be costly. Finding financial assistance can be crucial to the ability to plan for a family and establish one.